CHAPTER 2 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT(CLASS12)CBSE

                         UNIT-2- PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT 

1. The Principles of Management are different from those used in pure science. Write anyone difference. 

Management Principles are very flexible whereas pure science principles are rigid. Management Principles are applied with creativity as these principles influence the behavior of human being whereas scientific principles are applied in absolute or in static manner. 

2. Why is it said that the management principles are universal? 

The principles of management are universal in nature that means they can be applied to all types of organisations irrespective of their size and nature. Their results may vary and application may be modified but these are suitable for all kinds of organisations. Management principles are all pervasive. 

3. Different techniques were developed by Taylor to facilitate the Principles of Scientific Management. One of them was 'Fatigue study'. What is the objective of this study? 

A person is bound to feel tired physically and mentally if she/he does not rest while working. The rest intervals will help one to regain stamina and work again with the same capacity. This will result in increased productivity. The main objective of fatigue study is to find out the cause of fatigue and remove any hindrance to the efficiency of a worker. There can be many causes for fatigue like long working hours, doing unsuitable work, having non cordial relations with the boss or bad working conditions etc. Such hindrances in good performance should be removed. 

4. List any two principles of "Scientific Management" formulated by Taylor for managing an organization scientifically? 

Cooperation, Not Individualism: There should be complete cooperation between the labor and the management instead of individualism. Competition should be replaced by cooperation. 

Development of Each and Every Person to His or Her Greatest Efficiency and Prosperity: Industrial efficiency depends to a large extent on personnel competencies. As such, scientific management also stood for worker development. 

5. What is meant by principles of management. 

Principles are general propositions, which are applicable when certain conditions are present. These principles are guidelines to action. They denote a cause and effect relationship. 

6. State anyone principle of scientific management. 

In the words of Taylor, “Scientific management means knowing exactly what you want men to do and seeing that they do it in the best and cheapest way.” Scientific method involved investigation of traditional methods through work-study, unifying the best practices and developing a standard method, which would be followed throughout the organisation. According to Taylor, even a small production activity like loading pigs of iron into boxcars can be scientifically planned and managed. 

7. State why Principles of Management are important. 
Following are the main importance of the Principles of Management. 

1. Improves Understanding - From the knowledge of principles managers get indication on how to manage an organization. The principles enable managers to decide what should be done to accomplish given tasks and to handle situations which may arise in management. These principles make managers more efficient. 

2.  Direction for Training of Managers - Principles of management provide understanding of management process what managers would do to accomplish what. Thus, these are helpful in identifying the areas of management in which existing & future managers should be trained. 

3. Role of Management - Management principles makes the role of managers concrete. Therefore these principles act as ready reference to the managers to check whether their decisions are appropriate. Besides these principles define managerial activities in practical terms. They tell what a manager is expected to do in specific situation. 

4.  Guide to Research in Management - The body of management principles indicate lines along which research should be undertaken to make management practical and more effective. The principles guide managers in decision making and action. The researchers can examine whether the guidelines are useful or not. Anything which makes management research more exact & pointed will help improve management practice. 

8. Give the meaning of mental revolution as suggested by Taylor. 
He emphasized that there should be complete harmony between the management and workers. Both should realize that each one is important. To achieve this state, Taylor called for complete mental revolution on the part of both management and workers. It means that management and workers should transform their thinking.
9. How are management principles derived? 
The management principles are derived in the following two ways:

(i) On the basis of observation: Fayol developed management principles on the basis of observation, e.g. ‘division of work’ tells us that in order to achieve efficiency, divide the work into small tasks. How can this analysis be made? It is only made by those managers who observed that division of work leads to specialization.

(ii) On the basis of experimentation: All the principles of management establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variables, which means that they are developed on the basis of experimental studies. 

10. Give anyone difference between Principle and Technique. 

The basic difference between techniques of management and principles of management is that while techniques of management describe the steps to be taken to achieve the desired objectives, on the other hand, principles of management are the guidelines to be considered while following the techniques.