READING COMPREHENSION (CLASS 11 AND 12)SOLVED WORKSHEET 4-GLOBAL WARMING

Solved Worksheet 4

Global warming: Need for climate action

By Femi D. Ogunnigbo

(This article is extracted from The Guardian Dated 16th November 2020) 

1. Global warming and climate change are always used interchangeably, whereas they mean two different things. The term global warming is the heat as a result of the rising global temperature. An example of the effect of global warming is the melting of glaciers, which leads to sea-level rise. Besides, global warming results in a change in the climate. Moreover, climate change is the changes that occur to the climate of a region in a year or decade, for example, changes in temperature, changes in precipitation patterns and changes in sea-level. 

2. Naturally, there are factors that cause climate change. Christina Nunez in a National Geographic publication titled “what is global warming, explained” stated that temperature changes and human activities are not the only factors that affect Earth’s climate, for instance; “volcanic eruptions, variations in solar radiation from sunspots, solar wind, and the Earth’s position relative to the sun also plays a role. However, research showed that the addition in the number of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere as a result of human activities contributes the largest portion of the causes of climate change while only two percent comes from the natural factors. 

3. Thus, the greenhouse effect is the warming experienced on Earth. Christina stated that the greenhouse effect is the warming that happens when certain gases in Earth’s atmosphere trap heat. This natural greenhouse effect is what keeps the earth’s climate live-able. 

4. Without the natural greenhouse effect, the Earth would have been too cool. However, the increase in the natural greenhouse effect as a result of human activities primarily through the burning of fossil fuel trapped more heat on Earth. This was what caused global warming. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the emissions coming out from the burning of fossils are causing climate change. Moreover, climate change can be addressed through mitigation and adaptation measures. Mitigation is the reduction in the number of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere while adaptation is the ability to develop a resilient capacity to the effect of climate change. The action that an individual, organization, or government takes to mitigate and adapt to climate change is called climate action. 

5. Individuals 

Without the natural greenhouse effect, the Earth would have been too cool. However, Climate change affects every region differently, for example, 90% of disasters in recent decades in Africa are being driven by weather and climate according to the World Bank. August 2011, July 2012, and August 2017 flooding disasters in Ibadan, Nigeria is a reflection of the UN exposition and an indication that floods disasters and heat waves are major impacts of climate change in the region. According to the World Meteorology Organization in an article, “WMO confirms the past four years were warmest on record”, Australia had its warmest January on record, with heat waves unprecedented in their scale and duration. Tasmania had its driest January on record, with destructive bushfires. There has been a long-term increase in extreme fire weather, and in the length of the fire season, across large parts of Australia, says the Bureau of Meteorology. 

6. The direct effect of climate change is much on agriculture sector. It is believed that more than 70 percent of smallholder farmers in developing countries relied on agriculture for a living. Meanwhile, research has shown that land used for maize was no longer good for cultivation, and a yield has declined. In this case, food production is at risk of declining, and the reduction in length of the growing season affects the farmer’s livelihood. The World Bank Group stated that poor people are already at high risk from climate-related shocks, including crop failures from reduced rainfall, spikes in food prices after extreme weather events. Farmers should consider new farming methods as an option, for example, climate-smart agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization defines climate-smart agriculture as an approach that helps to guide actions needed to transform and reorient agricultural systems to effectively support the development and ensure food security in a changing climate. 

More than average temperature has exposed households to a harsh environment causing heatwave and heat-related illnesses. Individuals can adapt by planting trees and supporting green settlements. Tree shades cool the environment, store carbon, and lower energy use. Also, tree and green environment control erosion which leads to flood disasters. In this case, tree planting acts both as adaptation and mitigation measures to climate change. 

7. Organizations 

Climate changes affect organizations differently, for example, the oil industry, it changed demand from fossil fuel energy to clean energy (solar, wind). Besides, many oil industries are adopting renewable energy options and embracing strategy that promotes sustainability. For example, an oil company, Shell, states that sustainability is the ability to provide cleaner energy solutions in a responsible way, and aimed to be a net-zero emissions energy business by 2050, or sooner. Moreover, climate change is disrupting the supply chain, for example, raw materials from agriculture are truncated as a result of climate change. This likely makes production targets more challenging. 

Furthermore, an organization can address climate change by promoting eco-friendly products and considering a triple bottom line (people, planet, and profit) strategy in its operations. Moreover, companies can partner with research institutions to develop a sustainable solution to climate change, for example, smart transportation systems. Again, an organization can be carbon-neutral. This is the ability of an organization to have a balance between emitting carbon and absorbing carbon. 

8. Governments 

As of 2018, climate change has cost U.S. taxpayers more than $350 billion over the past decade says nonpartisan federal watchdog, Government Accountability Office in an article titled “Climate change has cost the government $350 billion — here’s what it will cost you.” The costs include clean up and disaster assistance from flooding and storms, which are set to increase under rising temperatures. According to the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), 2012 flooding in Nigeria forced 1.3 million people from their homes and claimed 431 lives. 

Policymakers can act by sponsoring and implementing climate policy. Also, governments can increase climate investment funds. World Bank report states that a $6 billion USD investment in disaster risk reduction over the next 15 years would avoid losses of $360 billion USD. Besides, the government can take climate action through it as of 2018, climate change has cost U.S. taxpayers more than $350 billion over the past commitment to the climate agreement, for instance, the Paris Agreement. Agreement that countries pledge to take to keep temperature rise to below two degrees Celsius and limit global warming to 1.5 degrees. 

In conclusion, the effect of climate change is felt globally. Thus, people in a low adaptive region need support to build resilience to climate-related disasters. The best time for climate action is now. Individuals, organizations, and governments should act not, act together, or act differently. 

Answer the following questions with reference to the above passage:

1. Differentiate Global warming and climate change? 

Global Warming refers to increase in temperature which causes melting of Glaciers due to rising heat and increase in sea-level. Whereas, climate change is the changes that occur to the climate of a region in a year or decade, for example, changes in temperature, changes in precipitation patterns and changes in sea-level. 

2. What are the factors affecting climate change? 

Temperature changes and human activities are not the only factors that affect Earth’s climate, for instance; volcanic eruptions, variations in solar radiation from sunspots, solar wind, and the Earth’s position relative to the sun also plays a role. 

3. What is Greenhouse effect? 

The greenhouse effect is the warming that happens when certain gases in Earth’s atmosphere trap heat. This natural greenhouse effect is what keeps the earth’s climate live-able. 

4. What is the major cause of climate change? 

The emissions coming out from the burning of fossil fuels are causing climate change. 

5. What was the impact of climate change in Africa in the last decade? 

90% of disasters in recent decades in Africa are being driven by weather and climate according to the World Bank. August 2011, July 2012, and August 2017 flooding disasters in Ibadan, Nigeria is a reflection of the UN exposition and an indication that these floods disasters are major impacts of climate change in the region. 

6. What should farmers do to combat climate changes affecting agricultural sector? 

Farmers should consider new farming methods as an option, for example, climate-smart agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization defines climate-smart agriculture as an approach that helps to guide actions needed to transform and reorient agricultural systems to effectively support the development and ensure food security in a changing climate Climate-smart agriculture. 

7. What does the term carbon-neutral mean? 

This is the ability of an organization to have a balance between emitting carbon and absorbing carbon. 

8. What is the effect of flooding in Nigeria? 

According to the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), 2012 flooding in Nigeria forced 1.3 million people from their homes and claimed 431 lives.